African ports map8/31/2023 Of the slaves shipped to the Americas, the largest share went to Brazil and the Caribbean. Manning's estimate covers the 12 million people who were originally destined for the Atlantic, as well as the 6 million people destined for Asian slave markets and the 8 million people destined for African markets. Manning estimates that 4 million people died inside Africa after capture, and many more died young. Besides the enslaved people who died on the Middle Passage, more African people likely died during the slave raids in Africa and forced marches to ports. About 10.5 million slaves arrived in the Americas. Patrick Manning estimates that about 12 million enslaved people were victims of the Atlantic trade between the 16th and 19th century, but about 1.5 million people died on board ships. Historian Ana Lucia Araujo has noted that the process of enslavement did not end with arrival on Western Hemisphere shores the different paths taken by the individuals and groups who were victims of the trans-Atlantic slave trade were influenced by different factors-including the disembarking region, the ability to be sold on the market, the kind of work performed, gender, age, religion, and language. The savage nature of the trade led to the destruction of individuals and cultures. The number of lives lost in the procurement of slaves remains a mystery but may equal or exceed the number of people who survived to be enslaved. Over a million people are thought to have died during their transport to the New World. The trans-Atlantic slave trade resulted in a vast and unknown loss of life for African captives both in and outside the Americas. Communication was quite extensive among all three areas of trade, to the point where even individual enslaved people could be tracked. Intermarriage has been documented in ports like Ouidah where Europeans were permanently stationed. Between 18, 20 of the 74 French missionaries in Senegal died from local illnesses, and 19 more died shortly after arriving back to France. In 1841, 80% of British sailors serving in military expeditions on the Niger River were infected with fevers. The coast was also called "the White man's grave" because of the mass amount of death from illnesses such as yellow fever, malaria, heat exhaustion, and many gastro-entero sicknesses. After the institution of slavery was abolished by successive European governments, the transatlantic slave trade continued for a time, with independent traders operating in violation of their countries' laws. In addition to the enslaved people, free men used the exchange routes to travel to new destinations, and both slaves and free travellers helped blend European and African cultures. Alongside other forms of trade, this complex exchange also fostered cultural exchanges between these three regions, involving religions, architectural styles, languages, and knowledge. Historians have noted that though official records state that twelve million enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas from Africa, the actual number of slaves purchased by European slave traders was considerably higher. Modern historians estimate that between two and three million people were transported out of this region and traded for goods like alcohol and tobacco from the Americas and textiles from Europe as part of the triangular trade. These ports traded slaves who were supplied from African communities, tribes and kingdoms, including the Alladah and Ouidah, which were later taken over by the Dahomey kingdom. Ports that exported these enslaved people from Africa include Ouidah, Lagos, Aného (Little Popo), Grand-Popo, Agoué, Jakin, Porto-Novo, and Badagry. Enslaved Africans were transported to the Americas to work on cash crop plantations in European colonies. Roughly twelve million enslaved Africans were purchased by European slave traders from African merchants during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. The transatlantic slave trade led to the formation of an "Atlantic community" of Africans and Europeans in the 17th, 18th, and 19th century. European sources began documenting the development of trade in the "Slave Coast" region and its integration into the transatlantic slave trade around 1670.
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